Word of the Week 11/11/18: Bowdlerize

From Merriam-Webster:

1 literature : to expurgate (something, such as a book) by omitting or modifying parts considered vulgarbowdlerize the text2 : to modify by abridging, simplifying, or distorting in style or content

Few editors have achieved the notoriety of Thomas Bowdler. Bowdler was trained as a physician, but when illness prevented him from practicing medicine, he turned to warning Europeans about unsanitary conditions at French watering places. He then carried his quest for purification to literature, and in 1818 he published his Family Shakspeare [sic], a work in which he promised that "those words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family." The sanitized volume was popular with the public of the day, but literary critics denounced his modifications of the words of the Bard. Bowdler applied his literary eraser broadly, and within 11 years of his death in 1825, the word bowdlerize was being used to refer to expurgating books or other texts.

From Oxford Dictionaries:

Bowdlerize (or bowdlerise) means ‘remove material that is considered improper or offensive from (a text or account), especially with the result that the text becomes weaker or less effective’

Bowdlerize owes its existence to Thomas Bowdler. This came about because of Thomas Bowdler’s The Family Shakspeare (retitled The Family Shakespeare in subsequent editions, following the differing trends for spelling the playwright’s name). This was published in 1818, in 10 volumes; an advertisement quoting the preface declared Bowdler’s intention:

Word of the Week 11/4/18: Phlegmon

From Healthline:

Phlegmon is a medical term describing an inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body. It’s usually caused by an infection and produces pus.  

The difference between phlegmon and abscess is as follows:
- A phlegmon is unbounded and can keep spreading out along connective tissue and muscle fiber.
- An abscess is walled in and confined to the area of infection. Usually, an abscess can be drained of its infected fluid. A phlegmon can’t be easily drained.

From Wikipedia:

As with any form of inflammation, phlegmon presents with inflammatory signs: dolor (localized pain), calor (increase local tissue temperature), rubor (skin redness/hyperemia), tumor (either clear or non-clear bordered tissue swelling), and functio laesa (diminish affected function).

edit. note: While the g is silent in the word phlegm and phlegmy, it is voiced in the words phlegmatic and phlegmon (otherwise you could say that "when life gives you phlegmons, make phlegmonade.")

Halloween Pumpkin 2018

Word of the Week 10/28/18: Banal

From Macmillan Dictionary: 

Something that is banal is boring because it contains nothing new, original, or unusual

From Oxford Dictionary: 

So lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring

From Cambridge Dictionary: 

Too often used in the past and therefore not interesting, boring, ordinary, and not original

From Vocabulary.com: 

Repeated too often; over-familiar through overuse

From Collins Dictionary: 

So ordinary that it is not at all effective or interesting, dull or stale as because of overuse; trite; hackneyed; commonplace, lacking force or originality; trite; commonplace

From The Free Dictionary: 

Drearily commonplace and often predictable; trite

From Wiktionary: 

Common in a boring way, to the point of being predictable; containing nothing new or fresh

From Merriam-Webster:  

Lacking originality, freshness, or novelty : trite 

There are several pronunciations of banal, but the three most common are \BAY-nul\, \buh-NAHL\, and \buh-NAL\ (which rhymes with canal). The earliest pronunciation given dictionaries is the now-unused \BAN-ul\ (rhymes with “flannel); it is attested to in dictionaries back to the 1800s, but has dropped out of use. \BAY-nul\ is the next oldest pronunciation. The more recent \buh-NAL\ and \buh-NAHL\ came about through French influence, since banal was borrowed into English from French, and those two pronunciations are closer to the French pronunciation of banal. All three pronunciations are acceptable in educated speech; \buh-NAL\ is currently the most common, followed by \BAY-nul\ and then \buh-NAHL.

From Dictionary.com: 

Lacking force or originality; trite; commonplace 

1840, from French banal , "belonging to a manor, common, hackneyed, commonplace," from Old French banel "communal" (13c.), from ban "decree; legal control; announcement; authorization; payment for use of a communal oven, mill, etc.". The modern sense evolved from the word's use in designating things like ovens or mills that belonged to feudal serfs, or else compulsory military service; in either case it was generalized in French through "open to everyone" to "commonplace, ordinary," to "trite, petty."

Word of the Week 10/21/18: Golem

From Wikipedia:

In Jewish folklore, a golem is an animated anthropomorphic being that is magically created entirely from inanimate matter (specifically clay or mud). 

The word golem occurs once in the Bible in Psalm 139:16, which uses the word גלמי (golmi; my golem), that means "my light form", "raw" material, connoting the unfinished human being before God's eyes.

The oldest stories of golems date to early Judaism. In the Talmud (Tractate Sanhedrin 38b), Adam was initially created as a golem (גולם) when his dust was "kneaded into a shapeless husk." Like Adam, all golems are created from mud by those close to divinity, but no anthropogenic golem is fully human. 

During the Middle Ages, passages from the Sefer Yetzirah (Book of Creation) were studied as a means to create and animate a golem, although there is little in the writings of Jewish mysticism that supports this belief. It was believed that golems could be activated by an ecstatic experience induced by the ritualistic use of various letters of the Hebrew Alphabet forming a "shem" (any one of the Names of God), wherein the shem was written on a piece of paper and inserted in the mouth or in the forehead of the golem.

A golem is inscribed with Hebrew words in some tales, such as the word emet (אמת, "truth" in Hebrew) written on its forehead. The golem could then be deactivated by removing the aleph (א) in emet, thus changing the inscription from "truth" to "death" (met מת, meaning "dead"). 

The most famous golem narrative involves Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the late 16th century rabbi of Prague, also known as the Maharal, who reportedly "created a golem out of clay from the banks of the Vltava River and brought it to life through rituals and Hebrew incantations to defend the Prague ghetto from anti-Semitic attacks" and pogroms. Depending on the version of the legend, the Jews in Prague were to be either expelled or killed under the rule of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor. The Golem was called Josef and was known as Yossele. It was said that he could make himself invisible and summon spirits from the dead. Rabbi Loew deactivated the Golem on Friday evenings by removing the shem before the Sabbath (Saturday) began, so as to let it rest on Sabbath. One Friday evening Rabbi Loew forgot to remove the shem, and feared that the Golem would desecrate the Sabbath.

The rabbi then managed to pull the shem from his mouth and immobilize him in front of the synagogue, whereupon the golem fell in pieces. The Golem's body was stored in the attic genizah of the Old New Synagogue, where it would be restored to life again if needed. According to legend, the body of Rabbi Loew's Golem still lies in the synagogue's attic. The attic is not open to the general public.

Word of the Week 10/14/18: Internecine

From Merriam Webster:

1 : marked by slaughter : deadly
especially : mutually destructive 

2 : of, relating to, or involving conflict within a group 

Internecine comes from the Latin internecinus ("fought to the death" or "destructive"), which traces to the verb "necare" ("to kill") and the prefix inter-. ("Inter-" usually means "between" or "mutual" in Latin, but it can also indicate the completion of an action.) Internecine meant "deadly" when it appeared in English in 1663, but when Samuel Johnson entered it in his dictionary almost a century later, he was apparently misled by "inter-" and defined the word as "endeavouring mutual destruction." Johnson's definition was carried into later dictionaries, and before long his sense was the dominant meaning of the word. "Internecine" developed the association with internal group conflict in the 20th century.

Word of the Week 10/07/18: Tontine

From Wikipedia: 

A tontine is an investment plan for raising capital, devised in the 17th century and relatively widespread in the 18th and 19th centuries. It combines features of a group annuity and a lottery. Each subscriber pays an agreed sum into the fund, and thereafter receives an annuity. As members die, their shares devolve to the other participants, and so the value of each annuity increases. On the death of the last member, the scheme is wound up.

The investment plan is named after Neapolitan banker Lorenzo de Tonti, who is credited with inventing it in France in 1653, although it has been suggested that he merely modified existing Italian investment schemes. Tonti put his proposal to the French royal government, but after consideration it was rejected by the Parlement de Paris. While the historical financial literature had long credited Tonti as the inventor of the tontine concept, subsequent research discovered that concept was previously proposed by Nicolas Bourey in 1641. 

Each investor pays a sum into the tontine. Each investor then receives annual dividends on the capital invested. As each investor dies, his or her share is reallocated among the surviving investors. This process continues until only one investor survives. Each subscriber receives only dividends; the capital is never paid back. In a later variation, the capital devolves upon the last survivor, thus dissolving the trust and usually making the survivor very wealthy. 

Louis XIV first made use of tontines in 1689 to fund military operations when he could not otherwise raise the money. The initial subscribers each put in 300 livres and, unlike most later schemes, this one was run honestly; the last survivor, a widow named Charlotte Barbier, who died in 1726 at the age of 96, received 73,000 livres in her last payment. The English government first issued tontines in 1693 to fund a war against France, part of the Nine Years' War.